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In December, 1938, the offensive against the Republican Army opened on the Catalan front, The attacking forces were:-
The Italian Littorio Division,
The Italian Green Arrows Division,
The Italian Blue Arrows Division,
The Italian Black Arrows Division.
and other units of the Italian Army.
The "Condor Legion" of the German Air Force,
Groups of German Artillery,
German Auxiliary Corps.
For the first time war material was used on a large scale. And for the first time the blitz failed, checked by the firm resistance of the defending army. In this battle armoured divisions were given their trial.
Hundreds of Italian and German guns,
Hundreds of Italian and German 'planes,
The Government had few guns and fewer 'planes,
But everyone knows about this now.....
The Republic Army performed miracles,
The people fought by its side.
In one Catalan village, Santa Coloma de Queralt, the Italians dragged women, children and old men into the square and machine-gunned them.
And the Germans in Russia.
Just like the Japanese in Hong Kong.
The Retreat.
Inch by inch the Republican Army retreated towards France. It was the strangest Army in history.
Accompanying the military units, and forming part of them, went professors, poets - the greatest Spanish poet of modern times, Antonio Machado, died in France soon after crossing the frontier - old peasants, officials, clerks .....
Seeking neither rest nor refuge, they only asked for the chance to reform their ranks and carry on the fight.
Everyone knows too, how the Spaniards were treated in the concentration camps of France.